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Northern Vietnam, the area centred on the Red River Delta with its capital at Hanoi, extends from the Chinese frontier in the north to the Ma River in Thanh Hoa Province to the south. In the west, the Truong Son or ‘Long Mountains’ and the Lao frontier form the border; while to the east lies Vinh Bac Bo, the ‘Northern Gulf’.<br/><br/> In earlier times Europeans generally called northern Vietnam Tonkin, a term originating from a 17th century name for Hanoi derived from the Chinese Dong Kinh, or ‘Eastern Capital’. Even today, Vinh Bac Bo is known internationally as the Gulf of Tonkin.
In the narrow mountain valleys of Son La, Dien Bien and Lai Chau provinces of North Vietnam the Tai remain a very noticeable and confident minority. They are divided into White Tai and Black Tai communities, while further south, by the Lao frontier in Thanh Hoa and Nghe An Provinces, Red Tai predominate.<br/><br/> These subgroups are distinguished by the dress of their women. Vietnam’s Tai are people of the mountain valleys. Farming wet rice paddy fields they are relatively prosperous, enjoying more security and an appreciably higher standard of living than the people of the mountaintops. They are culturally confident, too, and well known throughout the north for their fine weaving and embroidery, sophisticated music and dance, as well as their business acumen in the marketplace.<br/><br/> Closely related to the neighbouring Lao, Thai, Shan of Burma and Dai of China’s Yunnan Province, they have lived for centuries in the fertile uplands between the Truong Son and Hoang Lien ranges – certainly long before the region became part of Vietnam – and have a rich literary legacy and folklore.<br/><br/> One of the most successful and confident non-Kinh communities in Vietnam, the Black Tai farm rich rice paddies in the irrigated uplands of the northwest and enjoy a standard of living far superior to most other tribal peoples in the region. A high value is set on education, and the position of women, particularly in commerce, is paramount.
In the narrow mountain valleys of Son La, Dien Bien and Lai Chau provinces of North Vietnam the Tai remain a very noticeable and confident minority. They are divided into White Tai and Black Tai communities, while further south, by the Lao frontier in Thanh Hoa and Nghe An Provinces, Red Tai predominate.<br/><br/> These subgroups are distinguished by the dress of their women. Vietnam’s Tai are people of the mountain valleys. Farming wet rice paddy fields they are relatively prosperous, enjoying more security and an appreciably higher standard of living than the people of the mountaintops. They are culturally confident, too, and well known throughout the north for their fine weaving and embroidery, sophisticated music and dance, as well as their business acumen in the marketplace.<br/><br/> Closely related to the neighbouring Lao, Thai, Shan of Burma and Dai of China’s Yunnan Province, they have lived for centuries in the fertile uplands between the Truong Son and Hoang Lien ranges – certainly long before the region became part of Vietnam – and have a rich literary legacy and folklore.<br/><br/> One of the most successful and confident non-Kinh communities in Vietnam, the Black Tai farm rich rice paddies in the irrigated uplands of the northwest and enjoy a standard of living far superior to most other tribal peoples in the region. A high value is set on education, and the position of women, particularly in commerce, is paramount.
At the floating village of Kenh Ga or ‘Chicken Canal’, just about the entire community spend their lives on the water, and the village is accessible only by boat.<br/><br/> Northern Vietnam, the area centred on the Red River Delta with its capital at Hanoi, extends from the Chinese frontier in the north to the Ma River in Thanh Hoa Province to the south. In the west, the Truong Son or ‘Long Mountains’ and the Lao frontier form the border; while to the east lies Vinh Bac Bo, the ‘Northern Gulf’.<br/><br/> In earlier times Europeans generally called northern Vietnam Tonkin, a term originating from a 17th century name for Hanoi derived from the Chinese Dong Kinh, or ‘Eastern Capital’. Even today, Vinh Bac Bo is known internationally as the Gulf of Tonkin.
At the floating village of Kenh Ga or ‘Chicken Canal’, just about the entire community spend their lives on the water, and the village is accessible only by boat.<br/><br/> Northern Vietnam, the area centred on the Red River Delta with its capital at Hanoi, extends from the Chinese frontier in the north to the Ma River in Thanh Hoa Province to the south. In the west, the Truong Son or ‘Long Mountains’ and the Lao frontier form the border; while to the east lies Vinh Bac Bo, the ‘Northern Gulf’.<br/><br/> In earlier times Europeans generally called northern Vietnam Tonkin, a term originating from a 17th century name for Hanoi derived from the Chinese Dong Kinh, or ‘Eastern Capital’. Even today, Vinh Bac Bo is known internationally as the Gulf of Tonkin.
At the floating village of Kenh Ga or ‘Chicken Canal’, just about the entire community spend their lives on the water, and the village is accessible only by boat.<br/><br/> Northern Vietnam, the area centred on the Red River Delta with its capital at Hanoi, extends from the Chinese frontier in the north to the Ma River in Thanh Hoa Province to the south. In the west, the Truong Son or ‘Long Mountains’ and the Lao frontier form the border; while to the east lies Vinh Bac Bo, the ‘Northern Gulf’.<br/><br/> In earlier times Europeans generally called northern Vietnam Tonkin, a term originating from a 17th century name for Hanoi derived from the Chinese Dong Kinh, or ‘Eastern Capital’. Even today, Vinh Bac Bo is known internationally as the Gulf of Tonkin.
At the floating village of Kenh Ga or ‘Chicken Canal’, just about the entire community spend their lives on the water, and the village is accessible only by boat.<br/><br/> Northern Vietnam, the area centred on the Red River Delta with its capital at Hanoi, extends from the Chinese frontier in the north to the Ma River in Thanh Hoa Province to the south. In the west, the Truong Son or ‘Long Mountains’ and the Lao frontier form the border; while to the east lies Vinh Bac Bo, the ‘Northern Gulf’.<br/><br/> In earlier times Europeans generally called northern Vietnam Tonkin, a term originating from a 17th century name for Hanoi derived from the Chinese Dong Kinh, or ‘Eastern Capital’. Even today, Vinh Bac Bo is known internationally as the Gulf of Tonkin.
Northern Vietnam, the area centred on the Red River Delta with its capital at Hanoi, extends from the Chinese frontier in the north to the Ma River in Thanh Hoa Province to the south. In the west, the Truong Son or ‘Long Mountains’ and the Lao frontier form the border; while to the east lies Vinh Bac Bo, the ‘Northern Gulf’.<br/><br/> In earlier times Europeans generally called northern Vietnam Tonkin, a term originating from a 17th century name for Hanoi derived from the Chinese Dong Kinh, or ‘Eastern Capital’. Even today, Vinh Bac Bo is known internationally as the Gulf of Tonkin.
At the floating village of Kenh Ga or ‘Chicken Canal’, just about the entire community spend their lives on the water, and the village is accessible only by boat.<br/><br/> Northern Vietnam, the area centred on the Red River Delta with its capital at Hanoi, extends from the Chinese frontier in the north to the Ma River in Thanh Hoa Province to the south. In the west, the Truong Son or ‘Long Mountains’ and the Lao frontier form the border; while to the east lies Vinh Bac Bo, the ‘Northern Gulf’.<br/><br/> In earlier times Europeans generally called northern Vietnam Tonkin, a term originating from a 17th century name for Hanoi derived from the Chinese Dong Kinh, or ‘Eastern Capital’. Even today, Vinh Bac Bo is known internationally as the Gulf of Tonkin.
At the floating village of Kenh Ga or ‘Chicken Canal’, just about the entire community spend their lives on the water, and the village is accessible only by boat.<br/><br/> Northern Vietnam, the area centred on the Red River Delta with its capital at Hanoi, extends from the Chinese frontier in the north to the Ma River in Thanh Hoa Province to the south. In the west, the Truong Son or ‘Long Mountains’ and the Lao frontier form the border; while to the east lies Vinh Bac Bo, the ‘Northern Gulf’.<br/><br/> In earlier times Europeans generally called northern Vietnam Tonkin, a term originating from a 17th century name for Hanoi derived from the Chinese Dong Kinh, or ‘Eastern Capital’. Even today, Vinh Bac Bo is known internationally as the Gulf of Tonkin.
Vietnam's independence was gradually eroded by France in a series of military conquests from 1859 until 1885 when the entire country became part of French Indochina. Significant political and cultural changes were placed on the Vietnamese people, including the propagation of Roman Catholicism. When Emperor Thanh Thai, who was opposed to French colonial rule, was exiled in 1907, the French decided to pass the throne to his son who was only seven years old, because they thought someone so young would be easily influenced and controlled. The boy emperor, Duy Tan, ruled as emperor of the Nguyen Dynasty from 1907 to 1916 before fleeing from Hue to resist the French.
At the floating village of Kenh Ga or ‘Chicken Canal’, just about the entire community spend their lives on the water, and the village is accessible only by boat.<br/><br/> Northern Vietnam, the area centred on the Red River Delta with its capital at Hanoi, extends from the Chinese frontier in the north to the Ma River in Thanh Hoa Province to the south. In the west, the Truong Son or ‘Long Mountains’ and the Lao frontier form the border; while to the east lies Vinh Bac Bo, the ‘Northern Gulf’.<br/><br/> In earlier times Europeans generally called northern Vietnam Tonkin, a term originating from a 17th century name for Hanoi derived from the Chinese Dong Kinh, or ‘Eastern Capital’. Even today, Vinh Bac Bo is known internationally as the Gulf of Tonkin.
The village of Ban Huai Masang, Chiang Rai, northern Thailand
The seed of the monocot group of flowering plants, rice is a cereal grain that comes in two major strains: Oryza sativa or Asian rice, and Oryza glaberrima or African rice.For a large portion of the world’s population, particularly those in Central, East and South Asia, rice is one of the most important and most widely consumed food sources.Etymologically the word rice comes from the Old French 'ris', dated from around the mid-13th century. The Old French term itself is believed to have been derived from the Italian 'riso', which in turn came from the Latin word 'oriza', and the Latin word derived from the Greek 'oruza', from which all European words for rice originate.
The seed of the monocot group of flowering plants, rice is a cereal grain that comes in two major strains: Oryza sativa or Asian rice, and Oryza glaberrima or African rice.For a large portion of the world’s population, particularly those in Central, East and South Asia, rice is one of the most important and most widely consumed food sources.Etymologically the word rice comes from the Old French 'ris', dated from around the mid-13th century. The Old French term itself is believed to have been derived from the Italian 'riso', which in turn came from the Latin word 'oriza', and the Latin word derived from the Greek 'oruza', from which all European words for rice originate.
The seed of the monocot group of flowering plants, rice is a cereal grain that comes in two major strains: Oryza sativa or Asian rice, and Oryza glaberrima or African rice.For a large portion of the world’s population, particularly those in Central, East and South Asia, rice is one of the most important and most widely consumed food sources.Etymologically the word rice comes from the Old French 'ris', dated from around the mid-13th century. The Old French term itself is believed to have been derived from the Italian 'riso', which in turn came from the Latin word 'oriza', and the Latin word derived from the Greek 'oruza', from which all European words for rice originate.
Rice is the seed of the monocot plants Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most important staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia and the West Indies.<br/><br/> Rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by the human species.<br/><br/> There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally. For example in India, there is a saying that 'grains of rice should be like two brothers, close but not stuck together', while in the Far East there is a preference for softer, stickier varieties.<br/><br/> Because of its importance as a staple food, rice has considerable cultural importance. For example, rice is first mentioned in the Yajur Veda and then is frequently referred to in Sanskrit texts. Rice is often directly associated with prosperity and fertility, therefore there is the custom of throwing rice at weddings.
Rice is the seed of the monocot plants Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most important staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia and the West Indies.<br/><br/> Rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by the human species.<br/><br/> There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally. For example in India, there is a saying that 'grains of rice should be like two brothers, close but not stuck together', while in the Far East there is a preference for softer, stickier varieties.<br/><br/> Because of its importance as a staple food, rice has considerable cultural importance. For example, rice is first mentioned in the Yajur Veda and then is frequently referred to in Sanskrit texts. Rice is often directly associated with prosperity and fertility, therefore there is the custom of throwing rice at weddings.
Rice is the seed of the monocot plants Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most important staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia and the West Indies.<br/><br/> Rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by the human species.<br/><br/> There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally. For example in India, there is a saying that 'grains of rice should be like two brothers, close but not stuck together', while in the Far East there is a preference for softer, stickier varieties.<br/><br/> Because of its importance as a staple food, rice has considerable cultural importance. For example, rice is first mentioned in the Yajur Veda and then is frequently referred to in Sanskrit texts. Rice is often directly associated with prosperity and fertility, therefore there is the custom of throwing rice at weddings.
Rice is the seed of the monocot plants Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most important staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia and the West Indies.<br/><br/> Rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by the human species.<br/><br/> There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally. For example in India, there is a saying that 'grains of rice should be like two brothers, close but not stuck together', while in the Far East there is a preference for softer, stickier varieties.<br/><br/> Because of its importance as a staple food, rice has considerable cultural importance. For example, rice is first mentioned in the Yajur Veda and then is frequently referred to in Sanskrit texts. Rice is often directly associated with prosperity and fertility, therefore there is the custom of throwing rice at weddings.